From: dsc <dsc@wikimedia.org>
Date: Thu, 12 Apr 2012 20:13:04 +0000 (-0700)
Subject: Adds Backbone Base docs.
X-Git-Url: http://git.less.ly:3516/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=cd6edeb2d2fc64af3a40e9f034ca5926b1c25411;p=limn-bak.git

Adds Backbone Base docs.
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diff --git a/docs/internals/backbone-base.html b/docs/internals/backbone-base.html
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+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf8">
+<title>Backbone Base Classes | GraphKit Docs</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="../reset.css?now=1334261223" type="text/css">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="../github-readme.css?now=1334261223" type="text/css">
+<link rel='stylesheet' href='../solarized.css?now=1334261223' type='text/css'>
+</head>
+<body><div class="site">
+<div id="readme" class="content md markdown announce">
+    <div class="wikistyle">
+<h1 id="backbone-base-classes">Backbone Base Classes</h1>
+<p>Nearly all models, model collections, and views in the project derive from three base classes, aptly named <code>BaseModel</code>, <code>BaseList</code>, and <code>BaseView</code>. Herein we'll discuss some of the more arcane aspects of these classes, especially the default behavior they implement, and the ways in which subclasses can augment it.</p>
+<h2 id="table-of-contents">Table of Contents</h2>
+<div class="toc">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#backbone-base-classes">Backbone Base Classes</a><ul>
+<li><a href="#table-of-contents">Table of Contents</a></li>
+<li><a href="#basemixin">BaseMixin</a><ul>
+<li><a href="#declarative-binding">Declarative Binding</a></li>
+<li><a href="#synchronization">Synchronization</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#basemodel">BaseModel</a><ul>
+<li><a href="#nested-attribute-lookup">Nested Attribute Lookup</a></li>
+<li><a href="#kv-pairs-serialization">KV-Pairs Serialization</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#baselist">BaseList</a></li>
+<li><a href="#baseview">BaseView</a><ul>
+<li><a href="#model-integration">Model Integration</a></li>
+<li><a href="#render-lifecycle">Render Lifecycle</a></li>
+<li><a href="#subviews">Subviews</a></li>
+<li><a href="#future-enhancements">Future Enhancements</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<h2 id="basemixin">BaseMixin</h2>
+<p>Though these three do not share a common base class (as each derives from its Backbone counterpart), they do share a set of methods and properties defined in a <code>BaseMixin</code> (the mixin is applied to each Base itself, so you do not need to apply it to any of your subclasses).</p>
+<h3 id="declarative-binding">Declarative Binding</h3>
+<p>Due to the fact that JavaScript functions are unbound, it is sometimes necessary to force a method to retain class context (<code>this</code>) for event handlers. The property <code>__bind__</code> allows you to specify this declaratively; it is a list of method names to be bound when <code>initialize()</code> is called on a new instance. The <code>__bind__</code> property recursively cascades up the inheritance chain, so all classes will have their binds applied.</p>
+<h3 id="synchronization">Synchronization</h3>
+<p>Due to the asynchronous nature of UI programming, it's often necessary to notify the world that this class is waiting for something. It might not even matter what they're waiting for -- in many cases, you just want to show a spinner or disable modifications while "stuff happens".</p>
+<p>To this end, all Base classes provide methods for this kind of synchronization: <code>wait()</code> and <code>unwait()</code> manipulate a simple counter, <code>waitingOn</code>. When it moves above zero through a call to <code>wait()</code>, the event <code>start-waiting</code> is fired. When it returns to zero through a call to <code>unwait()</code>, the event <code>stop-waiting</code> is fired. Finally, a decorator method <code>unwaitAnd(fn)</code> allows you to wrap another method, such that invoking the returned function will call  <code>unwait()</code>  and then delegate to the passed method.</p>
+<h2 id="basemodel">BaseModel</h2>
+<p><code>BaseModel</code> provides two simple but important features: nested lookups and KV-pairs serialization.</p>
+<h3 id="nested-attribute-lookup">Nested Attribute Lookup</h3>
+<p>Calls to <code>get(key)</code> can specify a nested attribute lookup by using dot-delimited keys.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">BaseModel</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">foo:</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">bar:1</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo.bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">is</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<h3 id="kv-pairs-serialization">KV-Pairs Serialization</h3>
+<p>KV-Pairs, also known as <code>www-form-encoding</code>, is the default serialization format for data posted by HTML forms. The query string in a URL (the bit after the first <code>?</code>, but before any <code>#</code>) also usually takes this format. Unfortunately, JavaScript provides no built-in serialization for objects to this format. These methods fill that gap.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">BaseModel</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">a:1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b:2</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">toKV</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">is</span> <span class="s">&#39;a=1&amp;b=2&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<p>JavaScript 1.8 introduced a protocol for [JSON serialization][json], whereby objects can specify a <code>toJSON()</code> method that returns an object to be serialized, rather than forcing the programmer to reimplement serialization just to customize what data is serialized.</p>
+<p>The KV-Pairs protocol functions similarly. It consists in a family of instance methods and a class method, any of which can be replaced via inheritance:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong><code>toKV(item_delim='&amp;', kv_delim='=') -&gt; String</code></strong> performs the actual serialization of the object a <code>www-form-encoded</code> string by invoking <code>toKVPairs()</code> and passing the result to <code>_.toKV</code> (along with the delimiters).</li>
+<li><strong><code>toKVPairs() -&gt; Object</code></strong> is the counterpart of <code>toJSON()</code> -- it is expected to return an object to be serialized. Unlike <code>toJSON()</code>, it must return a proper object, and no recursive application of this function will be applied. This is due to the fact that query strings, unlike JSON, are fundamentally one-dimensional; without a type system, nesting requires a convention for delimiting sub-objects. The default implementation handles sub-objects using <code>_.collapseObject()</code> (rather than encoding them), and serializes each value using <code>serialize(v)</code>.</li>
+<li><strong><code>_.collapseObject(obj, parent={}, prefix='') -&gt; Object</code></strong> is an [Underscore][underscore] extension that copies and flattens a tree of sub-objects into namespaced keys on the parent object, such that <code>{ "foo":{ "bar":1 } }</code> becomes <code>{ "foo.bar":1 }</code>. Note that only plain objects are collapsed -- it is assumed that object subclasses will correctly <code>.toString()</code> or otherwise handle their serialization in the <code>serialize(v)</code> step.</li>
+<li><strong><code>serialize(v) -&gt; String</code></strong> is called by the default implementation of <code>toKVPairs()</code> to transform each non-function value to a string.</li>
+<li><strong><code>toURL(item_delim='&amp;', kv_delim='=') -&gt; String</code></strong> is used to create a URL that uniquely identifies the model state, typically for use with the HTML5 History API.</li>
+<li>The class method <strong><code>fromKV(s, item_delim='&amp;', kv_delim='=') -&gt; Model</code></strong> uses <code>_.fromKV</code> to deserialize the <code>www-form-encoded</code> string, uncollapses it with <code>_.uncollapseObject()</code>, and then creates a new model instance with the result.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">BaseModel</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">a:1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b:2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">foo:</span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">bar:3</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">toKV</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">is</span> <span class="s">&#39;a=1&amp;b=2&amp;foo.bar=3&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<p>The Underscore extensions can be found in <code>lib/util/underscore</code>, specifically <code>kv.co</code> and <code>object.co</code>.</p>
+<h2 id="baselist">BaseList</h2>
+<p><code>BaseList</code> mostly exists for completeness -- at present, it merely provides implementations of the KV-Pairs protocol fed by <code>toJSON()</code>. This typically has a poor result.</p>
+<h2 id="baseview">BaseView</h2>
+<p><code>BaseView</code> provides a large number of convenience methods, most of which are simple enough to read about in the source-docs. Instead, we'll focus here on the view lifecycle.</p>
+<h3 id="model-integration">Model Integration</h3>
+<p>The <code>setModel(model) -&gt; model</code> method sets a variety of metadata on both the view and the model -- use it to change the <code>BaseView</code>'s model object should that ever be necessary. It does the following:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Sets <code>model.view</code> equal to the <code>BaseView</code>. This is mostly useful for debugging in the console, as models should otherwise need no knowledge of any views.</li>
+<li>Sets data attributes for <code>"model"</code> and <code>"view"</code> on the view's DOM element.</li>
+<li>Register listeners on <code>change</code> to render the view and <code>destroy</code> to remove itself from the DOM.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="render-lifecycle">Render Lifecycle</h3>
+<p>Backbone has provides almost no help in managing a view's relationship with the DOM. Unfortunately for us, this is in no way a simple task, and it also happens to be the place most likely to have serious user-facing performance implications. <code>BaseView</code> takes some steps to smooth this over (though there is much more that could be done) by implementing a default rendering lifecycle that eliminates much boilerplate.</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Note that <code>Backbone.View</code>'s constructor creates a DOM element for the view (as <code>this.el</code>), and wraps it with jQuery (as <code>this.$el</code>). This is basically all Backbone does, ever.</li>
+<li>At the end of <code>initialize()</code>, <code>BaseView</code> invokes the <code>build()</code> method.</li>
+<li><strong><code>build() -&gt; this</code></strong> should populate the view with HTML, but does not attach it to the DOM. The default implementation of <code>build()</code> is a no-op unless the view has a <code>template()</code> method. If it does, <code>build()</code> invokes <code>this.$template()</code>, attaches its <code>innerHTML</code> content to the view's DOM element, and updates the element's CSS classes to match the template's. Finally, it calls <code>attachSubviews()</code>, which we'll come to later.</li>
+<li><strong><code>$template(locals) -&gt; jQuery</code></strong> invokes the view's <code>template()</code>, merging a set of default locals ($, op, the model, the view) with the result of the <code>toTemplateLocals()</code> method, and then with the supplied locals. It then wraps the templated result with jQuery.</li>
+<li><code>toTemplateLocals()</code> should return a plain object with (presumably) the model's attributes converted to presentation values used in the template. By default it merely calls <code>model.toJSON()</code>.</li>
+<li>The <code>render()</code> method invokes <code>build()</code> and then triggers a <code>render</code> event. As noted above, it is registered as a listener on Model <code>change</code> events.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>These methods (plus the <code>render</code> event) provide ample places to customize the rendering lifecycle. Many views do; here are some notes:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Nearly all views override <code>toTemplateLocals()</code> to format the locals for presentation.</li>
+<li>Many override <code>render()</code> to avoid rebuilding the DOM. Once this pattern emerged, it became obvious I should modify <code>render()</code> to call an <code>update(locals)</code> method if it exists, rather than blowing away whatever DOM content is there.</li>
+<li>Data-binding frameworks exist to integrate with DOM content, but all of them I've seen are either excessively verbose, heavy-weight, and presumptuous, or do not play well with Backbone. A simple data-binding convention would go a long way to eliminating boilerplate.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="subviews">Subviews</h3>
+<p><code>BaseView</code> provides simple subview management methods and hooks:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong><code>addSubview([selector], view) -&gt; view</code></strong> registers a new subview. You may optionally pass a selector as the first argument to specify its attachment point in the view. The subview is not attached to the DOM until <code>attachSubviews()</code> is called (which normally happens during <code>build()</code> and <code>render()</code>).</li>
+<li><strong><code>hasSubview(view)</code></strong> tests if a view is registered.</li>
+<li><strong><code>removeSubview(view) -&gt; [view, selector] | null</code></strong> unregisters a subview. Note that it does not remove the subview from the DOM.</li>
+<li><strong><code>attachSubviews() -&gt; this</code></strong> attaches each subview to the view's DOM element. If the given subview was registered with a selector, the element it picks out will become the subview's parent. Otherwise, it is appended to the view's element.</li>
+<li><code>**renderSubviews() -&gt; this**</code> is a convenience method for invoking <code>render</code> on each subview; it is not called by anything in the render lifecycle. Note <code>renderSubviews()</code> does not call <code>attachSubviews()</code>.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="future-enhancements">Future Enhancements</h3>
+<p>View handling could use a lot of work to eliminate boilerplate and simplify common tasks. The biggest pain-points I've noted are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Views have no way of being notified when their DOM element is actually parented (or unparented) in the DOM. This is generally a very hard problem in rich client development on the web, and there are no bulletproof solutions. Still, we should be providing some methods which in turn fire an event for this.</li>
+<li>As mentioned in the discussion of the render lifecycle, it would help to integrate a default data-binding convention and related methods.</li>
+<li>Events don't bubble through the view hierarchy as they do with the DOM. This means views must manually inform their subviews to re-render. I left this unimplemented mostly because of the render-vs-update issue above.</li>
+</ul>
+        <br style="clear:both;"><br style="clear:both;">
+    </div>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
diff --git a/docs/internals/backbone-base.md b/docs/internals/backbone-base.md
index 78d1f51..e5b0bed 100644
--- a/docs/internals/backbone-base.md
+++ b/docs/internals/backbone-base.md
@@ -1,6 +1,118 @@
-# Backbone Base classes
+# Backbone Base Classes
+
+Nearly all models, model collections, and views in the project derive from three base classes, aptly named `BaseModel`, `BaseList`, and `BaseView`. Herein we'll discuss some of the more arcane aspects of these classes, especially the default behavior they implement, and the ways in which subclasses can augment it.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+[TOC]
+
+
+## BaseMixin
+
+Though these three do not share a common base class (as each derives from its Backbone counterpart), they do share a set of methods and properties defined in a `BaseMixin` (the mixin is applied to each Base itself, so you do not need to apply it to any of your subclasses).
+
+### Declarative Binding
+
+Due to the fact that JavaScript functions are unbound, it is sometimes necessary to force a method to retain class context (`this`) for event handlers. The property `__bind__` allows you to specify this declaratively; it is a list of method names to be bound when `initialize()` is called on a new instance. The `__bind__` property recursively cascades up the inheritance chain, so all classes will have their binds applied.
+
+### Synchronization
+
+Due to the asynchronous nature of UI programming, it's often necessary to notify the world that this class is waiting for something. It might not even matter what they're waiting for -- in many cases, you just want to show a spinner or disable modifications while "stuff happens".
+
+To this end, all Base classes provide methods for this kind of synchronization: `wait()` and `unwait()` manipulate a simple counter, `waitingOn`. When it moves above zero through a call to `wait()`, the event `start-waiting` is fired. When it returns to zero through a call to `unwait()`, the event `stop-waiting` is fired. Finally, a decorator method `unwaitAnd(fn)` allows you to wrap another method, such that invoking the returned function will call  `unwait()`  and then delegate to the passed method.
+
+
+## BaseModel
+
+`BaseModel` provides two simple but important features: nested lookups and KV-pairs serialization.
+
+### Nested Attribute Lookup
+
+Calls to `get(key)` can specify a nested attribute lookup by using dot-delimited keys.
+
+```coffee
+m = new BaseModel { foo:{bar:1} }
+m.get('foo.bar') is 1
+```
+
+### KV-Pairs Serialization
+
+KV-Pairs, also known as `www-form-encoding`, is the default serialization format for data posted by HTML forms. The query string in a URL (the bit after the first `?`, but before any `#`) also usually takes this format. Unfortunately, JavaScript provides no built-in serialization for objects to this format. These methods fill that gap.
+
+```coffee
+m = new BaseModel { a:1, b:2 }
+m.toKV() is 'a=1&b=2'
+```
+
+JavaScript 1.8 introduced a protocol for [JSON serialization][json], whereby objects can specify a `toJSON()` method that returns an object to be serialized, rather than forcing the programmer to reimplement serialization just to customize what data is serialized.
+
+The KV-Pairs protocol functions similarly. It consists in a family of instance methods and a class method, any of which can be replaced via inheritance:
+
+- **`toKV(item_delim='&', kv_delim='=') -> String`** performs the actual serialization of the object a `www-form-encoded` string by invoking `toKVPairs()` and passing the result to `_.toKV` (along with the delimiters).
+- **`toKVPairs() -> Object`** is the counterpart of `toJSON()` -- it is expected to return an object to be serialized. Unlike `toJSON()`, it must return a proper object, and no recursive application of this function will be applied. This is due to the fact that query strings, unlike JSON, are fundamentally one-dimensional; without a type system, nesting requires a convention for delimiting sub-objects. The default implementation handles sub-objects using `_.collapseObject()` (rather than encoding them), and serializes each value using `serialize(v)`.
+- **`_.collapseObject(obj, parent={}, prefix='') -> Object`** is an [Underscore][underscore] extension that copies and flattens a tree of sub-objects into namespaced keys on the parent object, such that `{ "foo":{ "bar":1 } }` becomes `{ "foo.bar":1 }`. Note that only plain objects are collapsed -- it is assumed that object subclasses will correctly `.toString()` or otherwise handle their serialization in the `serialize(v)` step.
+- **`serialize(v) -> String`** is called by the default implementation of `toKVPairs()` to transform each non-function value to a string.
+- **`toURL(item_delim='&', kv_delim='=') -> String`** is used to create a URL that uniquely identifies the model state, typically for use with the HTML5 History API.
+- The class method **`fromKV(s, item_delim='&', kv_delim='=') -> Model`** uses `_.fromKV` to deserialize the `www-form-encoded` string, uncollapses it with `_.uncollapseObject()`, and then creates a new model instance with the result.
+
+```coffee
+m = new BaseModel { a:1, b:2, foo:{ bar:3 } }
+m.toKV() is 'a=1&b=2&foo.bar=3'
+```
+
+The Underscore extensions can be found in `lib/util/underscore`, specifically `kv.co` and `object.co`.
+
+
+## BaseList
+
+`BaseList` mostly exists for completeness -- at present, it merely provides implementations of the KV-Pairs protocol fed by `toJSON()`. This typically has a poor result.
+
+
+## BaseView
+
+`BaseView` provides a large number of convenience methods, most of which are simple enough to read about in the source-docs. Instead, we'll focus here on the view lifecycle.
+
+### Model Integration
+
+The `setModel(model) -> model` method sets a variety of metadata on both the view and the model -- use it to change the `BaseView`'s model object should that ever be necessary. It does the following:
+
+- Sets `model.view` equal to the `BaseView`. This is mostly useful for debugging in the console, as models should otherwise need no knowledge of any views.
+- Sets data attributes for `"model"` and `"view"` on the view's DOM element.
+- Register listeners on `change` to render the view and `destroy` to remove itself from the DOM.
+
+### Render Lifecycle
+
+Backbone has provides almost no help in managing a view's relationship with the DOM. Unfortunately for us, this is in no way a simple task, and it also happens to be the place most likely to have serious user-facing performance implications. `BaseView` takes some steps to smooth this over (though there is much more that could be done) by implementing a default rendering lifecycle that eliminates much boilerplate.
+
+- Note that `Backbone.View`'s constructor creates a DOM element for the view (as `this.el`), and wraps it with jQuery (as `this.$el`). This is basically all Backbone does, ever.
+- At the end of `initialize()`, `BaseView` invokes the `build()` method.
+- **`build() -> this`** should populate the view with HTML, but does not attach it to the DOM. The default implementation of `build()` is a no-op unless the view has a `template()` method. If it does, `build()` invokes `this.$template()`, attaches its `innerHTML` content to the view's DOM element, and updates the element's CSS classes to match the template's. Finally, it calls `attachSubviews()`, which we'll come to later.
+- **`$template(locals) -> jQuery`** invokes the view's `template()`, merging a set of default locals ($, op, the model, the view) with the result of the `toTemplateLocals()` method, and then with the supplied locals. It then wraps the templated result with jQuery.
+- `toTemplateLocals()` should return a plain object with (presumably) the model's attributes converted to presentation values used in the template. By default it merely calls `model.toJSON()`.
+- The `render()` method invokes `build()` and then triggers a `render` event. As noted above, it is registered as a listener on Model `change` events.
+
+These methods (plus the `render` event) provide ample places to customize the rendering lifecycle. Many views do; here are some notes:
+
+- Nearly all views override `toTemplateLocals()` to format the locals for presentation.
+- Many override `render()` to avoid rebuilding the DOM. Once this pattern emerged, it became obvious I should modify `render()` to call an `update(locals)` method if it exists, rather than blowing away whatever DOM content is there.
+- Data-binding frameworks exist to integrate with DOM content, but all of them I've seen are either excessively verbose, heavy-weight, and presumptuous, or do not play well with Backbone. A simple data-binding convention would go a long way to eliminating boilerplate.
+
+### Subviews
+
+`BaseView` provides simple subview management methods and hooks:
+
+- **`addSubview([selector], view) -> view`** registers a new subview. You may optionally pass a selector as the first argument to specify its attachment point in the view. The subview is not attached to the DOM until `attachSubviews()` is called (which normally happens during `build()` and `render()`).
+- **`hasSubview(view)`** tests if a view is registered.
+- **`removeSubview(view) -> [view, selector] | null`** unregisters a subview. Note that it does not remove the subview from the DOM.
+- **`attachSubviews() -> this`** attaches each subview to the view's DOM element. If the given subview was registered with a selector, the element it picks out will become the subview's parent. Otherwise, it is appended to the view's element.
+- `**renderSubviews() -> this**` is a convenience method for invoking `render` on each subview; it is not called by anything in the render lifecycle. Note `renderSubviews()` does not call `attachSubviews()`.
+
+### Future Enhancements
+
+View handling could use a lot of work to eliminate boilerplate and simplify common tasks. The biggest pain-points I've noted are:
+
+- Views have no way of being notified when their DOM element is actually parented (or unparented) in the DOM. This is generally a very hard problem in rich client development on the web, and there are no bulletproof solutions. Still, we should be providing some methods which in turn fire an event for this.
+- As mentioned in the discussion of the render lifecycle, it would help to integrate a default data-binding convention and related methods.
+- Events don't bubble through the view hierarchy as they do with the DOM. This means views must manually inform their subviews to re-render. I left this unimplemented mostly because of the render-vs-update issue above.
+
 
-- Properties, Methods
-- Subclass customization
-- Call flow
-- Events
diff --git a/docs/reset.css b/docs/reset.css
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..4b2c2d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reset.css
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+html, body, div, span, object, iframe,
+h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre,
+abbr, address, cite, code, del, dfn, em, img, ins, kbd, q, samp,
+small, strong, sub, sup, var, b, i, dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li,
+fieldset, form, label, legend,
+table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td,
+article, aside, canvas, details, figcaption, figure,
+footer, header, hgroup, menu, nav, section, summary,
+time, mark, audio, video {
+  margin:0; padding:0;
+  border: 0;
+  font-size: 100%;
+  font: inherit;
+  vertical-align: baseline; }
+
+article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, footer, header, hgroup, menu, nav, section {
+  display: block; }
+
+html { color:#000; background:#fff; width:100%; height:100%; overflow-y: scroll; }
+body { position:absolute; width:100%; top:0; left:0; }
+
+address,caption,cite,code,dfn,em,strong,th,var,optgroup { font-style:inherit; font-weight:inherit; }
+fieldset,img { border:0; }
+caption,th { text-align:left; }
+caption { margin-bottom:.5em; text-align:center; }
+
+h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; }
+h1 { font-size:250%; }
+h2 { font-size:150%; }
+h3 { font-size:125%; }
+h4 { font-size:110%; }
+h1,h2,h3 { margin:0.5em 0 1em; }
+
+
+ins { background-color: #ff9; color: #000; text-decoration: none; }
+mark { background-color: #ff9; color: #000; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; }
+del { text-decoration: line-through; }
+abbr[title], dfn[title] { border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help; }
+abbr,acronym { border:0; font-variant:normal; border-bottom:1px dotted #000; cursor:help; }
+em, i { font-style:italic; }
+small { font-size: 85%; }
+strong, b, th { font-weight: bold; }
+u { text-decoration:underline; }
+
+/* Set sub, sup without affecting line-height: gist.github.com/413930 */
+sub, sup { font-size: 75%; line-height: 0; position: relative; }
+sup { top: -0.5em; }
+sub { bottom: -0.25em; }
+
+
+blockquote, q { quotes: none; }
+blockquote:before, blockquote:after,
+q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; }
+hr { display: block; height: 1px; border: 0; border-top: 1px solid #ccc; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0; }
+
+
+/** Font normalization inspired by YUI Library's fonts.css: developer.yahoo.com/yui/ */
+//body { font:13px/1.231 sans-serif; *font-size:small; } /* Hack retained to preserve specificity */
+body { font:16px/1.231 sans-serif; *font-size:small; } /* Hack retained to preserve specificity */
+select, input, textarea, button { font:99% sans-serif; }
+
+/* Normalize monospace sizing: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_talk:Common.css/Archive_11#Teletype_style_fix_for_Chrome */
+pre, code, kbd, samp { font-family: monospace, sans-serif; }
+/* www.pathf.com/blogs/2008/05/formatting-quoted-code-in-blog-posts-css21-white-space-pre-wrap/ */
+pre {
+    white-space: pre;
+    white-space: pre-wrap;       /* css-3 */
+    white-space: -moz-pre-wrap;  /* Mozilla, since 1999 */
+    white-space: -pre-wrap;      /* Opera 4-6 */
+    white-space: -o-pre-wrap;    /* Opera 7 */
+    
+    word-wrap: break-word;
+    padding: 15px; }
+
+p,fieldset,table,pre { margin-bottom:1em; }
+
+
+/* Accessible focus treatment: people.opera.com/patrickl/experiments/keyboard/test */
+a:hover, a:active { outline: none; }
+
+
+/* Lists */
+
+ul,ol,dl,blockquote { margin:0.5em; }
+ol,ul,dl { margin-left:1.0em; }
+li { list-style:none; }
+ol { list-style-type: decimal; }
+ol li { list-style:decimal inside; }
+ul li { list-style:disc inside; }
+dl dd { margin-left:0.5em; }
+
+/* Remove margins for navigation lists */
+nav ul, nav li { margin: 0; list-style:none; list-style-image: none; }
+
+
+/* Forms */
+
+input,select { vertical-align: middle; }
+input,button,textarea,select,optgroup,option { font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-weight:inherit; }
+input,button,textarea,select { *font-size:100%; }
+input[type=text],input[type=password],textarea { width:12.25em; *width:11.9em; }
+textarea { overflow: auto; } /* www.sitepoint.com/blogs/2010/08/20/ie-remove-textarea-scrollbars/ */
+
+legend { color:#000; }
+.ie6 legend, .ie7 legend { margin-left: -7px; } 
+
+/* Align checkboxes, radios, text inputs with their label by: Thierry Koblentz tjkdesign.com/ez-css/css/base.css  */
+input[type="radio"] { vertical-align: text-bottom; }
+input[type="checkbox"] { vertical-align: bottom; }
+.ie7 input[type="checkbox"] { vertical-align: baseline; }
+.ie6 input { vertical-align: text-bottom; }
+
+/* Hand cursor on clickable input elements */
+a[href], input[type='button'], input[type='submit'], input[type='image'], label[for], select, button, .pointer { cursor: pointer; }
+
+
+/* Webkit browsers add a 2px margin outside the chrome of form elements */
+button, input, select, textarea { margin: 0; }
+
+/* Colors for form validity */
+input:valid, textarea:valid   {  }
+input:invalid, textarea:invalid {
+   border-radius: 1px; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 5px red; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 5px red; box-shadow: 0px 0px 5px red;
+}
+.no-boxshadow input:invalid, .no-boxshadow textarea:invalid { background-color: #f0dddd; }
+
+/* Make buttons play nice in IE:
+   www.viget.com/inspire/styling-the-button-element-in-internet-explorer/ */
+button {  width: auto; overflow: visible; }
+
+
+/* Tables */
+
+table { border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0; }
+th,td { padding:.5em; }
+th { font-weight:bold; text-align:center; }
+td { vertical-align: top; }
+
+
+/* Misc */
+
+/* These selection declarations have to be separate
+   No text-shadow: twitter.com/miketaylr/status/12228805301
+   Also: hot pink! */
+::-moz-selection{ background: #FF5E99; color:#fff; text-shadow: none; }
+::selection { background:#FF5E99; color:#fff; text-shadow: none; }
+
+/* j.mp/webkit-tap-highlight-color */
+a:link { -webkit-tap-highlight-color: #FF5E99; }
+
+/* Bicubic resizing for non-native sized IMG:
+   code.flickr.com/blog/2008/11/12/on-ui-quality-the-little-things-client-side-image-resizing/ */
+.ie7 img { -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; }
+
+
+/* Minimal Basic Classes */
+
+.clearer { clear:both !important; float:none !important; margin:0 !important; padding:0 !important; }
+.rounded { border-radius:1em; -moz-border-radius:1em; -webkit-border-radius:1em; }
diff --git a/docs/solarized.css b/docs/solarized.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40acc45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/solarized.css
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+.hll { background-color: #eee8d5 }
+.c { color: #93a1a1; background-color: #eee8d5 } /* Comment */
+.err { color: #eee8d5; background-color: #dc322f } /* Error */
+.g { color: #839496 } /* Generic */
+.k { color: #cb4b16 } /* Keyword */
+.l { color: #6c71c4 } /* Literal */
+.n { color: #657b83 } /* Name */
+.o { color: #073642 } /* Operator */
+.x { color: #657b83 } /* Other */
+.p { color: #657b83 } /* Punctuation */
+.cm { color: #93a1a1; background-color: #eee8d5 } /* Comment.Multiline */
+.cp { color: #93a1a1; background-color: #eee8d5 } /* Comment.Preproc */
+.c1 { color: #93a1a1; background-color: #eee8d5 } /* Comment.Single */
+.cs { color: #93a1a1; background-color: #eee8d5 } /* Comment.Special */
+.gd { color: #839496 } /* Generic.Deleted */
+.ge { color: #839496; font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */
+.gr { color: #839496 } /* Generic.Error */
+.gh { color: #93a1a1; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */
+.gi { color: #839496 } /* Generic.Inserted */
+.go { color: #839496 } /* Generic.Output */
+.gp { color: #839496 } /* Generic.Prompt */
+.gs { color: #839496; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
+.gu { color: #93a1a1 } /* Generic.Subheading */
+.gt { color: #839496 } /* Generic.Traceback */
+.kc { color: #6c71c4 } /* Keyword.Constant */
+.kd { color: #cb4b16 } /* Keyword.Declaration */
+.kn { color: #cb4b16 } /* Keyword.Namespace */
+.kp { color: #cb4b16 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
+.kr { color: #cb4b16 } /* Keyword.Reserved */
+.kt { color: #cb4b16; text-decoration: underline } /* Keyword.Type */
+.ld { color: #6c71c4 } /* Literal.Date */
+.m { color: #002b36 } /* Literal.Number */
+.s { color: #2aa198 } /* Literal.String */
+.na { color: #586e75 } /* Name.Attribute */
+.nb { color: #b58900 } /* Name.Builtin */
+.nc { color: #268bd2; text-decoration: underline } /* Name.Class */
+.no { color: #6c71c4 } /* Name.Constant */
+.nd { color: #859900; font-style: italic } /* Name.Decorator */
+.ni { color: #657b83 } /* Name.Entity */
+.ne { color: #b58900; text-decoration: underline } /* Name.Exception */
+.nf { color: #268bd2; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Function */
+.nl { color: #657b83 } /* Name.Label */
+.nn { color: #859900 } /* Name.Namespace */
+.nx { color: #657b83 } /* Name.Other */
+.py { color: #657b83 } /* Name.Property */
+.nt { color: #657b83; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */
+.nv { color: #586e75 } /* Name.Variable */
+.ow { color: #073642 } /* Operator.Word */
+.w { color: #586e75 } /* Text.Whitespace */
+.mf { color: #002b36 } /* Literal.Number.Float */
+.mh { color: #002b36 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
+.mi { color: #002b36 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
+.mo { color: #002b36 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
+.sb { color: #2aa198 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
+.sc { color: #2aa198 } /* Literal.String.Char */
+.sd { color: #2aa198; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */
+.s2 { color: #2aa198 } /* Literal.String.Double */
+.se { color: #d33682 } /* Literal.String.Escape */
+.sh { color: #2aa198 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
+.si { color: #859900 } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
+.sx { color: #2aa198 } /* Literal.String.Other */
+.sr { color: #6c71c4 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
+.s1 { color: #2aa198 } /* Literal.String.Single */
+.ss { color: #d33682; text-decoration: underline } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
+.bp { color: #002b36 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
+.vc { color: #586e75 } /* Name.Variable.Class */
+.vg { color: #586e75 } /* Name.Variable.Global */
+.vi { color: #586e75 } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
+.il { color: #002b36 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
diff --git a/lib/base.co b/lib/base.co
index 225ea6e..cc62b1f 100644
--- a/lib/base.co
+++ b/lib/base.co
@@ -75,8 +75,11 @@ BaseModel = exports.BaseModel = Backbone.Model.extend do # {{{
      */
     toKVPairs: ->
         kvo = _.collapseObject @toJSON()
-        for k, v in kvo
-            kvo[k] = @serialize v
+        if v and _.isObject v
+            for k, v in kvo
+                kvo[k] = @serialize v unless typeof v is 'function'
+        else
+            @serialize v
         kvo
     
     /**
diff --git a/lib/util/underscore/kv.co b/lib/util/underscore/kv.co
index fdc31ba..4eb5389 100644
--- a/lib/util/underscore/kv.co
+++ b/lib/util/underscore/kv.co
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ _kv = do
             {}
     
     /**
-     * Copies and flattens any sub-objects into namespaced keys on the parent object, such 
+     * Copies and flattens a tree of sub-objects into namespaced keys on the parent object, such 
      * that `{ "foo":{ "bar":1 } }` becomes `{ "foo.bar":1 }`.
      */
     collapseObject: (obj, parent={}, prefix='') ->